Victimization, urbanicity, and the relevance of context: school routines, race and ethnicity, and adolescent violence

The United States is undergoing a historical racial and ethnic demographic shift. There is limited criminological research exploringif and how these changes influence variation in the relationship between routine activity theory and adolescent violence. Althoughthe link between routine activities and victimization has been testedand well established, criminologists have questioned if routineactivities can explain adolescent violence across different social contexts. Prior research demonstrates that there are potentialnuances in the theoretical connections between routine activities and victimization, particularly when considering race andethnicity. This study builds on previous research by questioning if the elements of routine activities predict victimization acrosspredominately urban, rural, and suburban schools. The implications of the relevance of school context in the relationships betweenroutine activities and adolescent victimization will also be discussed more generally.